This book surveys the references to a Jewish government in writings concerning Babylonian Jewry in late antiquity. It draws together the diverse sources that tell stories about the Jewish administration of its minority in the region. Most of these derive from the Babylonian Talmud, the writings of the sages, or rabbis, who served as clerks in the Jewish court-government of the Jewish nation in the Iranian empire. This volume presents in condensed form the pertinent chapters of the former series History of the Jews in Babylonia originally published by E.J. Brill. Co-published with Studies in Judaism.