ABOUT THE EDITORS Ian Peate is Visiting Professor of Nursing, Visiting Senior Clinical Fellow, Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing, and Head of School, School of Health Studies, Gibraltar. Suzanne Evans is Associate Professor and Director of Teaching & Learning, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Australia.

Contributors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxv About the Editors xxvii Prefixes, Suffixes xxix How to Use Your Textbook xxxix About the Companion Website xli 1 Basic Scientific Principles of Physiology 1 Introduction 2 Levels of Organisation 2 Characteristics of Life 2 Bodily Requirements 3 Life at the Chemical Level 4 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Bonds 6 Acids and Bases 10 Representing Chemical Reactions in Written Form: Chemical Equations 11 Organic Molecules 12 Homeostasis 15 Units of Measurement 16 Conclusion 18 Glossary 18 References 19 Activities 19 Test Your Learning 21 Find Out More 21 2 Cells, Cellular Compartments, Transport Systems, Fluid Movement Between Compartments 23 Introduction 24 Inside the Cell 24 Structure of the Cell Membrane 25 Transport of Substances Across the Cell Membrane 26 How Do Cells Communicate? 30 Fluid Compartments in the Body 31 The Composition of Body Fluids 31 Electrolyte and Water Balance 32 Fluid Movement Between Compartments 34 Bulk Transport Across the Cell Membrane 37 Conclusion 39 Glossary 39 References 40 Further Reading 40 Activities 40 Find Out More 42 Chemical Symbols 42 Conditions 43 3 Genetics 45 Anatomical Map 46 Introduction 46 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 47 The DNA Double Helix 48 Chromosomes 49 From DNA to Proteins 52 Summary of Relationship Between DNA, RNA and Protein 55 The Transference of Genes 56 Inheritance 60 Spontaneous Mutation 70 Disorders of Chromosomes 70 Conclusion 72 Glossary 72 References 73 Further Reading 74 Activities 74 Conditions 76 4 Tissue 77 Introduction 78 Epithelial Tissue 78 Connective Tissue 83 Membranes 89 Muscle Tissue 90 Nervous Tissue 91 Tissue Repair 92 Conclusion 93 Glossary 93 References 94 Activities 94 5 Embryology 97 Introduction 98 Final Maturation of the Oocyte and Sperm 98 Day One: Fertilisation 100 Days 2-5: Pre-Implantation Development 100 Day 6: Implantation 102 Week 2: Early Placental Formation 102 Week 3-8: Post-Implantation Embryonic Development 104 Late Gestation and Birth: Gestational Weeks 13-40 (Embryonic Weeks 11-38) 108 Complications of Pregnancy 111 Conclusion 115 Glossary 115 References 116 Further Reading 116 Activities 117 6 The Muscular System 119 Body Map 120 Introduction 120 Types of Muscle Tissue 120 Functions of the Muscular System 121 Composition of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 122 Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles 122 Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibre 123 Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation 127 Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction 130 Aerobic Respiration 130 Organisation of the Skeletal Muscular System 133 The Effects of Ageing 146 Conclusion 146 Glossary 146 References 147 Further Reading 147 Activities 147 Find Out More 149 Conditions 149 7 The Skeletal System 151 Body Map 152 Introduction 152 Bone as a Tissue 154 Other Connective Tissues Closely Associated with the Skeletal System 156 Bone Formation 158 Bone Growth 159 Bone Remodelling 161 Bone Fractures 164 The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton 165 Bone Shapes 166 Joints 170 Conclusion 174 Glossary 175 References 176 Further Reading 176 Activities 177 Match Each Bone to its Correct Shape 178 Find Out More 179 Conditions 179 8 The Circulatory System 181 Body Map 182 Introduction 182 Components of Blood 182 Properties of Blood 184 Plasma 184 Functions of Blood 184 Formation of Blood Cells 186 Red Blood Cells 187 White Blood Cells 191 Platelets 194 Haemostasis 194 Coagulation 194 Blood Groups 197 Blood Vessels 198 Blood Pressure 202 Lymphatic System 203 Lymphatic Organs 207 Conclusion 209 Glossary 209 References 210 Further Reading 210 Activities 211 Find Out More 212 Conditions 212 9 The Cardiac System 215 Body Map 216 Introduction 216 Size and Location of the Heart 216 The Structures of the Heart 217 The Blood Supply to the Heart 223 Blood Flow Through the Heart 228 The Electrical Pathways of the Heart 229 The Cardiac Cycle 233 Factors Affecting Cardiac Output 236 Regulation of Stroke Volume 236 Regulation of Heart Rate 237 Conclusion 239 Glossary 239 References 241 Further Reading 242 Activities 242 Conditions 243 10 The Digestive System 245 Body Map 246 Introduction 246 The Activity of the Digestive System 246 The Organisation of the Digestive System 246 The Digestive System Organs 247 The Structure of the Digestive System 254 The Liver and Production of Bile 264 The Gallbladder 266 The Large Intestine 266 Digestive Tract Hormones 268 Nutrition, Chemical Digestion and Metabolism 268 Conclusion 272 Glossary 273 References 275 Further Reading 276 Activities 276 Find Out More 278 Test Your Learning 278 Conditions 278 11 The Renal System 281 Body Map 282 Introduction 282 Renal System 282 Functions of the Kidney 290 Blood Supply of the Kidney 292 Urine Formation 292 Selective Reabsorption 293 Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 295 Composition of Urine 296 Ureters 298 Urinary Bladder 299 Urethra 300 Micturition 301 Conclusion 302 Glossary 302 References 303 Further Reading 303 Activities 304 Conditions 305 12 The Respiratory System 307 Body Map 308 Introduction 308 Organisation of the Respiratory System 308 The Upper Respiratory Tract 308 The Lower Respiratory Tract 310 Blood Supply 316 Respiration 316 Pulmonary Ventilation 316 Work of Breathing 319 Volumes and Capacities 321 Control of Breathing 323 External Respiration 324 Ventilation and Perfusion 327 Transport of Gases 327 Acid-Base Balance 330 Internal Respiration 330 Conclusion 332 Glossary 332 References 334 Further Reading 335 Activities 335 Conditions 337 13 The Reproductive Systems 339 Body Map 340 Introduction 340 The Male Reproductive System 340 The Female Reproductive System 348 Conclusion 361 Glossary 361 References 363 Further Reading 363 Activities 364 Find Out More 365 Conditions 366 14 The Nervous System 367 Body Map 368 Introduction 368 Organisation of the Nervous System 368 Sensory Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 368 Central Nervous System 369 Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 369 Neurotransmitters 374 Neuroglia 376 The Meninges 376 Cerebrospinal Fluid 377 The Brain 379 The Peripheral Nervous System 383 The Autonomic Nervous System 389 Conclusion 392 Glossary 393 References 394 Further Reading 394 Activities 395 Find Out More 396 Conditions 396 15 The Senses 399 Introduction 400 The Chemical Senses 400 The Senses of Equilibrium and Hearing 408 The Sense of Sight 419 Conclusion 428 Glossary 428 References 430 Further Reading 430 Activities 430 Conditions 432 16 The Endocrine System 433 Body Map 434 Introduction 434 The Endocrine Organs 435 Hormones 437 The Physiology of the Endocrine Organs 439 The Thyroid Gland 443 Glossary 456 References 457 Further Reading 458 Activities 458 Conditions 460 17 The Immune System 461 Body Map 462 Introduction 462 Blood Cell Development 462 Organs of the Immune System 463 The Lymphatic System 464 Lymphoid Tissue 469 Types of Immunity 469 The Innate Immune System 469 Blood Cells 470 The Acquired Immune System 477 Immunoglobulins (Antibodies) 480 Natural Killer Cells 484 Primary and Secondary Response to Infection 485 Hypersensitivity 487 Anaphylaxis 488 Immunisations 488 Conclusion 488 Glossary 489 References 490 Further Reading 491 Activities 491 Find Out More 493 Conditions 493 18 The Skin 495 Body Map 496 Introduction 496 The Structure of Skin 497 The Epidermis 498 Layers of the Epidermis 499 The Dermis 503 The Papillary and Reticular Aspects 503 The Accessory Skin Structures 504 The Functions of the Skin 508 Synthesis of Vitamin D 511 Conclusion 511 Glossary 511 References 512 Further Reading 513 Activities 513 Find Out More 515 Conditions 515 Normal Values 517 Answers 521 Index 529